RNDr. Milos Lokajicek, DrSc.

e-mail: lokaj@fzu.cz
tel.: (420)-(2)-66052135
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A. Theoretical physics

Some results:

Einstein-Bohr controversy after 75 years, its actual solution and consequences

The scientific community is still convinced that the controversy between Einstein and Bohr (in 1935) was decided definitely in 1982 when it was shown experimentally that Bell's inequalities (derived in 1964) were violated. The Copenhagen quantum mechanics has been accepted as the only theory of microworld as it has been commonly believed that the given inequalities have been valid in the framework of hidden-variable theory (corresponding to Einstein's ontological requirements). However, they were derived on the basis of some assumptions from which always at least one was valid only in classical physics (not in any quantum alternative). It means that the hidden-variable theory should have been taken as fully acceptable together with the Copenhagen quantum mechanics. However, at the present the former alternative should be strongly preferred before the latter alternative. While any arguments against the hidden-variable theory have not been found until now the experimental data have been presented, contradicting strongly the predictions of Copenhagen quantum mechanics. Moreover, it has been shown that some paradoxical properties correspond to internal contradictions in the corresponding Copenhagen mathematical model. All these arguments have been presented in the papers prepared by us in the last twenty years. In the following the answer to the question will be looked for which theoretical model might substitute the Copenhagen alternative. One has usually assumed that there has been only a rather small difference between the two mentioned quantum alternatives as both have started from the same Schroedinger equation. However, their physical interpretations have been fundamentally different as the Copenhagen alternative has been strongly influenced by the requirements of Bohr put on the structure of Hilbert space formed by all solutions of Schroedinger differential equation; basic solutions corresponding fully to the solutions of Hamilton equations have been mixed with their statistical superpositions in a very complicated way. In the hidden-variable alternative both the kinds of solutions may be clearly distinguished similarly as in the classical physics. Thus, the results of Schroedinger equation (without any additional deformations) gives the physical picture very similar to the classical physics; the only difference concerning energy quantization. And as the differences between discrete energy values at higher energies become quite negligible the Schroedinger equation may represent the general theory of whole matter reality (microscopic as well as macroscopic).

Locality problem, Bell's inequalities and EPR experiments

The question has been solved whether Bell's inequalities cover all possible kinds of hidden-variable theories. It has been shown that the given inequalities can be hardly derived when the changing space position of photon-pair source together with the microscopic space structure of measuring devices are taken into account; and when corresponding impact parameters (i.e., exact impact points) of photons in individual measuring devices (polarizers) influence measured values, in addition to usually considered characteristics.

Are quantum teleportation and cryptography predicted by quantum mechanics?

Some new phenomena (like those mentioned in the title) are supposed by a series of physicists to exist in the nature. They are presented as being predicted on the basis of the current quantum-mechanical mathematical model and of its orthodox interpretation. In fact some additional (not fully mutually consistent) assumptions are included.

A new solution of hidden-variable and measurement problem

B. Theoretical radiobiology

Some results:

Inactivation effect of high-LET radiation and shapes of survival curves

The shape of survival curves based on the statistical distribution of cell hits and corresponding inactivation probabilities has been derived and the analysis of experimental survival curves obtained in different parts of proton Bragg peak (see M. Belli et al.: Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 63, 331) has been performed. Inactivation probabilities for different LET values and different hit numbers in individual cells (V79) have been established.

C. Science and philosophy

Some results:

Phenomenological approach in world observation - human thinking and modern-period deformation of scientific knowledge

The human knowledge is based fundamentally on the world observation, involving also human being. The conclusions quite different from earlier ones have been then derived when the ontological approach proposed by Aristotle (and developed further by Thomas Aqu.) was substituted by the phenomenological approach ruling mainly in the preceding two centuries. In the natural science the decisive changeover step may be seen in when the controversy between Einstein and Bohr in 1935 was decided on the basis of the majority opinion of physical scientific society. The scientific community refused Einstein’s argument against the Copenhagen quantum mechanics. It was believed at that time fully in the given phenomenological approach in knowledge getting, which has then influenced fundamentally even other conclusions concerning the human being and whole human society.

Only now it has been possible to show that the hitherto conviction has been based on several mistakes and that Einstein was fully right. And it is necessary to return again to the previous ontological basis of human thinking. The main points of the whole problem will be explained and corresponding conclusions will be summarized. Consequences for other regions of human life and some points concerning the evolution problem will be mentioned, too.

Multidisciplinarity - the way to the more reliable knowledge of the world at the present

Any scientific approach (in natural sciences) is based on deriving different consequences from basic (in principle intuitively formulated) assumptions with the help of logical deduction and on comparing these consequences with observed (measured) phenomena. And the only reliable result may consist in obtaining a logical contradiction; practically any result may not be obtained in another way. Thus, an actual scientific result is reached through falsification; it is not possible to speak never about a verification. In the framework of a scientific branch based on corresponding methodology and epistemology one can never learn to know an exact truth. Any scientific result consists in exclusion of an untruth, at least in principle, and in narrowing the space for plausible truth. A further going nearer towards the overall truth about the world requires then some new multidisciplinary or interdisciplinary approaches, in which the results of different scientific branches should be combined. New efficient ways in interdisciplinary studies are to be looked for.

Time in natural sciences

The time as well as the space belong to main categories of our knowledge: when? and where? However, while the space has been practically always understood by the natural sciences and by philosophy (or psychology) in a similar way there have been very different opinions as to the time. There are two extreme questions: Does the time belong to main principles of the life and of the being? Or: Should the time be regarded as something that was introduced by us to describe some characteristics of the changing world only? One can say that in the past the philosophers as well as physicists (and all natural scientists) have oscillated between these two extremes. As to the physicists they have being derived divers points of view from different models being applied to reality.

A brief survey of different opinions will be given and the time problem will be then analyzed in the framework of the extended model allowing to interpret the microscopic world in a realistic way. In such a light the time of natural science should be regarded as a descriptive parameter without a proper deeper content, being closely related to another parameter (derived from positions and velocities) characterizing changing states of the matter world on the fully physical basis. Then of course, the time is derived from the being and any opposite conviction should be regarded as false in principle.

The extended model gives also some answers to the questions concerning the time duration, time asymmetry, time invariance, and reversibility or irreversibility of time and physical processes, which may provide a new more detailed basis for philosophical studies of the notion and of the role of the time in the human life.